Definition Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is a prayer One Condition That causes dwarfism OR Body dwarf and including Group Impaired bone growth. People with achondroplasia have short arms and legs Yang. Besides achondroplasia, causing dwarfism other lay BETWEEN Impaired growth hormone and turner syndrome.

Worldwide CASE achondroplasia, 80 percent of which is NOT Happen Due to heredity, but Operate spontaneous genetic mutation. While 20 percent of whom inherited Of Parents Who Also experienced singer Conditions.

Adult patients with achondroplasia seldom Yang reached 152 cm High. High average they Was Approximately 124-132 cm.

When a newborn baby can be recognized from symptoms of achondroplasia Physical Form Body stature, persimmon, arms, and fingers That Looks Short. Their heads MORE Also look big compared to the body, as well as the side stand out is NOT normal. The taxable income entering the age of childhood and adulthood, Physical Patients with achondroplasia will Looked increasingly clear. In addition to dwarf stature, bone Looks Back And persimmon Patients curve. Also it difficult to review them bend the elbow completely.

Not Just Physical problems, some health problems experienced by sufferers Also Very risky achondroplasia. When the baby, the ability Walk And some of their motor skills tend MORE Slow. The singer is caused by decrease in muscle tone. In addition to ITU, baby achondroplasia Also at risk of spinal stenosis (bone marrow suppression of Neuroscience Behind That Contains a result of narrowing of the spine canal), hydrocephalus, as well as Respiratory disorders apnea. When it gets older, spinal stenosis Condition Suffered Severe can grow. In addition to ITU, Children and People with achondroplasia adult orangutan can be experienced Recurring Ear Infections And Conditions obesity.

Causes of Achondroplasia

In the hearts of the Human Body are so-called FGFR3 gene. Singer gene function to review the growth and maintenance of bones. AT gene mutations causing disruption Singer Being bone cartilage changes. The disrupted bone growth making Patients singer Condition Being a dwarf.

diagnosis Achondroplasia

The only way to ensure the person exposed achondroplasia review is through a genetic test to determine their review of disability ON FGFR3 gene. Though so, this test is not necessarily carried out by Doctors Without suspicion. Children OR ON adult orangutan, suspicion shown to the doctor can constituted body stature dwarfs That looks. And gene analysis is usually done through blood samples.

While Pregnancy, based on the suspicion can kepada big head shape Seen From the findings of ultrasound. Gene analysis is usually done through sampling amniotic fluid in the womb hearts.

treatment of Achondroplasia

Unfortunately Up When Singer OR No drug Treatment Methods The APA also can cure achondroplasia. Handling is only intended to alleviate complications Appears review AT disorder sufferers singer, such as the application of review procedures for handling operations recitation spinal stenosis And Antibiotics for Ear Infections relieve review.

Definition of Panu

Disease tinea versicolor or pityriasis versicolor (sometimes called tinea versicolor) is a health problem that led to the emergence of small patches on the skin. The spot colors can be lighter or darker than the original skin color, even some that are red or pink.
Over time, these patches can be more and more, or even widen. In addition to causing skin looks discolored skin fungus can also cause skin sufferers to feel rough or scaly.
Parts of the body most often exposed skin fungus is back, arms, abdomen, chest, and neck. Panu is not dangerous. However phlegm could interfere with the appearance and cause discomfort with symptoms of itch. You can treat tinea versicolor using drugs anti-phlegm-counter in pharmacies without a prescription. But go to the doctor if the condition with severe skin fungus has spread to then addressed further.

understanding Triglycerides

Triglycerides are a type of essential fatty flowing in human blood. In addition to triglycerides, there are also 'good cholesterol' (HDL) and "bad cholesterol" (LDL).

If too much, triglyceride will accumulate in body parts such as the walls of blood vessels and heart. Saturated and unsaturated fats, including triglycerides in the group. Triglycerides are very important for humans because the body uses fat as energy. Triglycerides are manufactured by the body from other energy sources, namely from the digestion of carbohydrates and fats contained in the food. But high levels of triglycerides will increase your risk of developing diseases such as angina or wind sits, heart attack and stroke.


There is no definite symptoms that arise due to high levels of triglycerides in the body, but if triglyceride levels that happens is a hereditary disease, there are likely to emerge as a condition called xanthoma. Xanthoma is a bump due to deposition of fat under the skin.

Triglyceride Levels in the Body
It's easy to determine the body's levels of triglycerides, ie by a blood test. Here is an overview of the levels of triglycerides in the body:

Very high levels: above 500 mg / dl
High levels: 200-499 mg / dl
Levels high enough: 150-199 mg / dl
Normal levels: below 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg / dl)
Causes of High Triglycerides Levels
Obesity and diabetes are not controlled be the most common causes of high triglycerides. High triglyceride levels occurs when a person consume lots of foods containing carbohydrate or high sugar levels. Risk of heart disease increases with a person's triglyceride levels.

Here are some other causes of high triglycerides:

Hypothyroidism. The condition when the thyroid gland produces too little thyroid hormone.
Kidney illness. Kidney function loss in the salt and mineral balance in the blood, the body's waste and dispose of excess fluids, and can not regulate blood pressure.
Many consume liquor. Consumption of beverages containing alcohol can raise triglyceride levels quickly. This condition will also trigger inflammation of the pancreas.
High triglyceride levels can also be triggered by some medications, namely:

steroids
Beta-blockers
tamoxifen
diuretics
Family planning pills
High triglyceride levels usually associated with other medical conditions. This condition is rarely present themselves. High triglyceride levels are part of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a group of health problems that consist of high triglyceride levels, the levels of "good" cholesterol or low HDL, hypertension, high blood sugar and accumulation of fat around the hips. This condition can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke and diabetes.

Differences Triglycerides and Cholesterol
In the blood, there are two types of fat, ie triglycerides and cholesterol. Its function is to store calories and provides energy to the body are triglycerides. While the function of cholesterol to build cells and certain hormones. Both can not be dissolved in the blood and protein to help both types of fat to flow to all parts of the body.

If you have high triglyceride levels, chances are you also experiencing high cholesterol. To find out if we have a high triglyceride levels, we can do a blood test called a lipoprotein analysis. This blood test functions determine the overall amount of fatty substance in the blood.

Treatment of High Triglycerides
Triglyceride levels in the body can be lowered without the use of special medicines. Some changes in one's lifestyle can be an important factor in reducing high triglyceride levels. Here are simple ways that can be done:

Weight control. If your weight exceeds the ideal weight or even obese, lose about 2-5 kilograms can reduce levels of triglycerides in the body. To get a more healthy body and stamina, you need to be disciplined in the sport for at least 2.5 hours per week.
Eating healthy fats. Replace saturated fats with unsaturated fatty meat from the plant, for example in olive oil, peanut oil and canola oil.
Avoid trans fats. Trans fats can be found in foods that are fried or baked food products such as cookies, crackers and snacks. If the trans fat content of less than 0.5 grams, there is the possibility of a manufacturer is not included on the packaging. The food manufacturers can say that their food contains hydrogenated oils.
Lowering your calorie intake. You need to remember that excess calories are converted into triglycerides and stored as fat. Indirectly, lowering caloric intake also means lower triglyceride levels.
Limiting the level of cholesterol in food. Avoid concentrated sources of cholesterol, including meats with lots of fat, egg yolks, and dairy products are pure.
Limit consumption of sugar and processed foods. Sugar and foods made from flour is a type of carbohydrate that can raise triglyceride levels.
Limit alcohol consumption. The calorie content is high on liquor can result in an increase in triglycerides. Triglyceride levels can increase although we only ate a little liquor.
Quit smoking. Quitting smoking can improve levels of "good" cholesterol. Within a year after quitting, your risk of heart disease can be reduced by approximately 50%. And in 15 years, the risk of heart disease with people who do not smoke.
Exercising. Activities regular exercise can help you control your overall body health.
If triglyceride levels remain high after making lifestyle changes, you may need to add the consumption of drugs as well. Dosage and drug content given by the doctor depending on the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol levels and other risk factors that can increase the risk of heart disease.

The drugs used are usually concentrated on lowering bad cholesterol, which indirectly can lower triglyceride levels. Here are drugs used to lower high cholesterol:

Fibrates. This drug serves to lower triglycerides and increase levels of "good" or HDL. The impact of the "bad cholesterol" or LDL is not too much.
Niacin, or nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid can reduce the production of triglycerides and LDL. Eventually led to increased "good" cholesterol and lowering triglycerides.
Statins. This drug will inhibit the enzyme the body needs to produce cholesterol. As a result, the levels of 'bad cholesterol' will decrease.
Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil). Fish oil supplements can lower triglyceride levels in the female body. Eating at least two servings of fish each week to get omega-3 fatty acids are sufficient. Fish oil supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids are also available and can generally be bought freely.
If the drugs above are not effective in lowering triglyceride levels, your doctor may need to change the dose or adding a new drug. Be sure to always follow the doctor's advice in taking drugs above. If you take statins, so be careful if you are also taking the type of fibrate drugs. Combined these two drugs can cause problems with muscle called rhabdomyolysis, which can lead to kidney failure. If you experience any problems or pain in the muscles, see a doctor.

Understanding Brain Tumors

Brain tumors are the growth of abnormal cells within or around the brain are unnatural and uncontrolled, but these tumors do not always turn out to be cancerous or malignant.

There are various types of brain tumors are differentiated into two groups on the basis of its development, which is a benign tumor that is not cancerous and malignant tumors that cause cancer. Tumors that originate from the brain known as primary brain tumors, while cancer that begins in other parts of the body and spread to the brain is called secondary or metastatic brain tumors.


Levels of brain tumors are divided from level 1 to level 4. These groupings are based on the behavior of the tumor itself, such as the rate of growth and how its spread. Brain tumors are classified as benign and malignant potential are at levels 1 and 2. While at levels 3 and 4, usually have the potential to become cancerous and are often referred to as malignant brain tumors or brain cancer.

Following are the various types of benign brain tumors by location of the brain cell growth, namely:

Gliomas. Tumors were located in the glial tissue (tissue that binds nerve cells and fibers) and spinal cord. Most brain tumors that occur is the type of glioma.
Meningioma. This tumor occurs in the membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. Most of these tumors are not cancerous.
Hemangioma. Tumors that occur in the blood vessels of the brain. This condition can cause partial paralysis and convulsions.
Acoustic neuroma. Tumor that grows on the acoustic nerve that helps control the balance and hearing.
Pituitary adenoma. Tumours in the pituitary gland (a small gland located below the brain). Most of these tumors are benign tumor types and can affect the pituitary hormone with effects throughout the body.
Craniopharyngioma. Tumors that tend to occur in children, adolescents, and young people, is near the base of the brain.
Medulloblastoma. It is a type of tumor is the most common cancer in children. Tumors starting from the back of the onion tends to spread to the brain and spinal cord fluid. It is rare in adults, but this condition can arise.
PNETs (primitive neuroectodermal tumors). Types of rare tumors that are cancerous and begin fetal cells in the brain. This type of tumor can occur in any part of the brain.
Germ cell tumors. This type of tumor usually develops when childhood when the testicles or ovaries begin to form. But this type of tumor can move to other body parts such as the brain.
In addition to the types of tumors above, there is also a tumor composed of a combination of several types of tumors, or tumors with a combination of different levels. Handling is done very dependent on tumor malignancy, tumor location is located, and also the condition of your health.

This page is specifically discusses the brain tumor (benign) stage 1 and 2. Please read brain cancer to know more about malignant brain tumor.

Symptoms of Brain Tumor
Symptoms of brain tumors are very different from one another. Symptoms appear influenced by the size, rate of growth, and location of the tumor. Tumors that grow slowly initially may not cause any symptoms. After some time, the tumor will put pressure on the brain that cause symptoms such as seizures and headaches. Brain tumors are located at a given location can interfere with the workings of the brain to function properly.

Cause Brain Tumors
Until now the main cause of most benign brain tumors remains unknown. Certain hereditary factors as well as the side effects of radiotherapy procedures can increase your risk of developing a brain tumor. There are several factors that can increase the risk of brain tumors.

Brain Tumor Treatment
Diagnosis and treatment are done early will facilitate the handling of the brain tumor. If not promptly treated, this condition can become more serious. Brain tumors usually do not spread out and just stay in one place only, but brain tumors can put pressure and damage the surrounding area. Treatment depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor.

Tumor removal surgery procedures performed on benign brain tumors are generally successfully treated and the tumor does not reappear. As a result, this condition does not cause the problem continues later on.

While in the second stage of glioma brain tumors, tumors often grow back after treatment. In addition, these conditions also has the potential to turn into a malignant brain tumor dissemination and faster growth.

To help the recovery process, the doctor would suggest some kind of therapy. You can talk about the emotional impact of the diagnosis and treatment of tumors with counseling.

Definition of Boils

Boils are red bumps on the skin that feels pain and pus-filled. These lumps arising from bacterial infections that trigger inflammation in the hair follicle, which is the hole where the hair grows.

The body part most frequently attacked ulcers are the face, neck, armpits, shoulders, buttocks, and thighs. This happens because these parts often experience friction and sweating. Ulcers can also grow on the eyelids, the condition which normally we are familiar with the term stye.
Symptoms of Boils
The main symptoms of the ulcer is the appearance of red bumps on the skin. At the initial stage, the size of the ulcers are usually small and then accompanied by:

The skin around the lump red, swollen and feels warm to the touch. This indicates that the infection has spread to the surrounding skin.
Lump grew and filled with pus.
Formed white dot at the top of the bump.
These conditions rarely require medical attention by doctors, because ulcers can be cured by itself. However, you should see a doctor if you have sores:

Cause fever.
Continue to grow (over 5 cm diameter) and was very sick.
Grow more than one at the same location. This type of fiber known as boils or carbuncles, and the condition is classified as more serious infections.
Growing up in the nose, in the face, or the spine.
Do not go away for more than 14 days.
Often relapse.
Having problems with the immune system or medications that interfere with the immune system and appear ulcers.
Causes and Complications Boils
The main cause of ulcers is the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria can be found on the skin and in the nose of man without triggering any infection. Infection occurs when bacteria get to the follicle through cuts or insect bites.

Bacteria from boils or carbuncles can sometimes spread to other parts of the body. When spreads in the skin layer would arise cellulitis, impetigo (blister), it can even spread to the bone (osteomyelitis). This deployment will lead to sepsis that could potentially cause an infection in the body's organs, such as the heart. In addition, ulcers also can generally leave a scar.

Ulcer Risk Factors
Ulcers can happen to anyone, and there are several factors that may increase the risk of someone. These risk factors include:

Direct contact with sufferers. This infectious disease risk increases if you are often in direct contact with a person, such as staying at home.

Age and sex. Ulcers more often strikes teenagers, especially the male sex.
Cleanliness is not maintained, the personal and the environment.
Have a weakened immune system, such as HIV, chemotherapy, or diabetes.
Skin problems, such as frequent breakouts.
Ulcer treatment
Boils generally can be cured with simple steps at home and rarely require medical treatment by a physician. Some simple ways that we can do to speed up the healing is:

Compress with warm water boils. Do it at least three times a day. This step will reduce the pain as well as encourage the pus to gather at the top of the bump.
Clean boils that broke with gauze along with alcohol and anti-bacterial soap. Do not forget to put ointment and wraps boils that broke with sterile gauze.
Change the bandage as often as possible (two to three times a day).
Do not forget to wash your hands with soap and water before and after treating ulcers.
Make sure you do not solve ulcers by force. This process could exacerbate the spread of bacterial infection at the same time and thus potentially lead to complications. We are encouraged to wait until the abscess rupture itself.

You can also eat painkillers or analgesics to reduce pain. For example, paracetamol or ibuprofen.

To cope with large-sized boils or carbuncles, help physicians are generally required. Doctors usually will dissect the boil in order to remove the pus. Medication may also be prescribed antibiotics for you to handle boils:

With severe infection.
Relapsed.
Accompanied by fever.
Accompanied complications.
The duration of antibiotic use must be strictly in accordance with the prescription even though ulcers had healed. This was done in order to trigger bacterial infection is really musnah.a

Definition of Pterygium

Pterygium is an eye condition characterized by the growth of the membrane covering the white part of the eyeball. This condition can occur in one or both eyes at once.
Diseases included noncancerous lesions rarely cause dangerous complications. But if it continues to grow and is not addressed, pterygium may spread to the cornea of ​​the eye that impair vision sufferers.
Symptoms Pterygium
In general, the only form of pterygium growth of the lining of the whites of the eyes. However, this condition remains may be accompanied by other symptoms which include:
Red eye. Irritation, itching, or burning of the eyes.
Mata does not add up.
The views vague / hazy.
Consult your eye doctor if you experience these symptoms. Examination and early treatment will alienate you from possible complications.
Causes and Diagnosis Pterygium
The cause behind the pterygium is not known with certainty, but the condition is more common among those who often do outdoor activities. Exposure to sunlight, dust, smoke, and thought to potentially increase the risk of wind pterygium. Dry eye is also suspected could be a trigger factor.
Pterygium can be detected by a doctor through the main symptom, ie membrane-like growth on the eyeball. You will also undergo an eye examination even more closely to ensure the condition of your eyes. If necessary, your doctor may recommend tests to measure the ability of sight and check for changes in the curvature of your cornea.
Treatment and Prevention Pterygium
Once the examination is complete, the doctor will determine the severity of the existing pterygium. This condition generally does not require special handling if it is relatively light and does not interfere with vision or comfort your eyes. However, you are still advised to undergo an eye examination regularly to monitor progress.
In contrast, if pterygium proven to hinder the ability to view or interfere with your experience. In this case, the doctor will suggest some countermeasures which include drugs from a doctor and surgery.
The use of drugs such as eye drops containing steroids and lubrication, can be done to prevent inflammation or alleviate the symptoms, however, sometimes medication alone is not enough so that the surgical removal of pterygium growth are generally recommended. Because potentially cause complications, the surgical procedure is only recommended if:
A different approach has proven ineffective.
The ability of patients threatened with decreased vision.
Once the operation is completed, there are several types of drugs that are usually given by doctors to reduce the risk of complications and prevent the pterygium grows back. Monitoring the condition of the patient's eyes will also be carried out for about a year.
In addition to medical care, you can avoid the exposure of the surrounding environment, such as sunlight, smoke, or dust that can trigger pterygium. For example, by wearing sunglasses or hats while traveling. This step is also useful for preventing pterygium occur or back.

Definition of Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is one of the conditions that cause dwarfism or short stature and includes a group of disorders of bone growth. People with achondroplasia have short arms and legs. Besides achondroplasia, causing dwarfism Among other disorders of growth hormone and turner syndrome.

Of all cases of achondroplasia, 80 percent of which are caused by heredity, but a spontaneous genetic mutation. While 20 percent of them are inherited from parents who also have this condition.

Adult patients with achondroplasia seldom reach a height of 152 cm. Their average height is about 124-132 cm.


When newborn babies achondroplasia can be recognized from the physical symptoms, such as body posture, legs, arms, and fingers seem short. Their heads appear larger than its body, and the forehead is prominent not normal. Upon entering childhood and adulthood, people with achondroplasia physical will appear more clearly. Besides dwarf, spine and legs of patients appear to curve. They are also difficult to bend the elbow fully.

Not only physical problems, some of the health problems experienced by patients is also very risky achondroplasia. When the baby, walking ability and some of their motor skills tend to be slower. It is caused by a decrease in muscle tone. In addition, babies achondroplasia are also at risk of spinal stenosis (suppression of the spinal cord that contains nerve by narrowing of the spinal canal), hydrocephalus, apnea and respiratory problems. When it gets older, suffered spinal stenosis condition may worsen. In addition, children and adult patients with achondroplasia may experience periodic ear infections and obesity conditions.

Causes of Achondroplasia
In the human body there is a gene called FGFR3. This gene function for bone growth and maintenance. Mutations in this gene cause a disruption of cartilage into bone changes. Impaired bone growth makes the patient's condition becomes stunted.

diagnosis Achondroplasia
The only way to make sure a person is exposed achondroplasia is genetic tests to determine the presence of defects in the FGFR3 gene. However, this test is not necessarily performed by doctors without suspicion. In children or adults, the doctor's suspicion can be based to the body stature dwarfs look. And gene analysis is usually done through a blood sample.

Meanwhile, during pregnancy, the suspicion can be based to a large head shape that is visible from the sonogram. Gene analysis is usually done through sampling the amniotic fluid in the womb.

treatment of Achondroplasia
Unfortunately, there is currently no cure or treatment methods that can cure anything achondroplasia. Handling is only intended to alleviate complications arising in patients with these disorders, such as the implementation of operating procedures for dealing with spinal stenosis and antibiotics to relieve ear infection.

Definition of varicocele

Varicocele disease similar to varicose veins in the legs, but in a varicocele, swelling of veins occur in the bag penis or scrotum. This swelling will evolve gradually into a soft lump. Varicocele lump size assortment, nothing could be seen by naked eye and some are only discovered when touched.

Varicocele more cases occur during puberty, ie at the age of 15 to 25 years. This disease can potentially cause infertility because it can reduce the quality and quantity of sperm of men who are suffering.


symptoms of varicocele
Varicocele generally do not cause symptoms. Even so, there are some people who feel discomfort or even pain in the pockets of his penis. These symptoms usually increases when the person is standing or physical activity for too long, and subside when the patient is lying down.

In addition to pain, enlarged veins also can increase over time. This swelling occurs mostly on the left side of the bag and the testicles are uncommon in the right side of the bag. This is because the veins on the left side differs from that on the right.

See your doctor if you notice any swelling and lumps in the testicles or scrotum bag you, feel pain in the part, and is aware of the difference in size between the right and left testicle. If symptoms are left unchecked and untreated, varicocele is feared could potentially lead to complications such as:

Testicular shrinkage. Valve damaged veins can cause blood to pool and increase the pressure inside the blood vessels. Pressure and toxins contained in the blood is suspected damage and shrink the testicles.
Infertility. The temperature is constantly too high around the testes due to a varicocele can affect the formation, quantity, movement, and the quality of sperm.
The cause of varicocele
In the vein valves are vessels that serve as a one-way doors. When blood flow to the heart, the valve will open to allow blood to flow smoothly into the organ. Vice versa, the valve will close if blood flow is slow in order to prevent backflow due to gravity.

If the valve does not function properly, then the blood will flow back and settle in the veins which eventually can cause swelling.

The diagnosis of varicocele
Depending on the amount of swelling, the diagnosis of varicocele can be done directly through regular physical examination or through tests.

If the swelling is large enough, it is likely the doctor can easily feel the soft lumps on the testicles. If the swelling is smaller, the doctor may use a special technique by having the patient stand up, inhale a deep breath and hold it. Through this technique the doctor is likely to feel the swelling of the veins.

If through the physical examination can not be ensured, then the test will be performed. One of them is ultrasound or ultrasound. In the case of a varicocele, ultrasound is performed to produce the image or images in detail the structure of the veins. Through this test, each case is believed to be related to the symptoms of varicocele can be seen, including other conditions, such as tumors.

treatment of varicocele
Most cases of varicocele does not cause symptoms. If there are symptoms, it will not be prolonged. Therefore, treatment is not usually necessary.

However if a varicocele cause discomfort, pain, testicular shrinkage or fertility problems, then remedial action should be performed. This remedial action could be taking paracetamol as a pain reliever, or undergo surgical procedures.

Here are the types of operations that can be done to deal with varicocele:

Embolization. Embolization is done by inserting a micro-sized hose with accompanying X-ray device into a vein to look for parts that are damaged or have swelling. After a varicocele is found and seen on the monitor, a special liquid will be piped into the damaged vein through a tube. This special fluid is used to block the blood into the damaged vein and the flow through healthy veins. Side effects after undergoing embolization may be swelling or bruising for a few days at the point of inclusion of hose and a small risk of infection. Such infections can usually be treated with antibiotics. Those who have undergone this procedure remains potentially exposed varicocele later.
Open surgery. In this procedure, veins are damaged beyond repair, or removed surgically at the bottom of the groin or abdomen. Patients who underwent open surgery had to be sedated in total. Side effects after open surgery is a mild pain that lasts for several days to weeks. But patients do not need to worry because this pain can be treated with pain medication, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol.

Definition of Virus Zika

Zika virus infection occurs through intermediary Aedes, particularly Aedes aegypti species. Disease it causes named as Zika, Zika disease (Zika disease) or fever Zika (Zika fever).

Zika virus that has infected humans can cause several symptoms, such as fever, joint pain, conjunctivitis (red eyes), and rash. Zika disease symptoms can resemble the symptoms of dengue and chikungunya disease, and can last a few days to a week.

Zika virus first found in rhesus monkey in the jungle Zika, Uganda, in 1947. Zika virus then rediscovered in the mosquito species Aedes Africanus in the same forest in 1948 and in humans in Nigeria in 1954. Zika virus becoming endemic diseases and began to spread beyond Africa and Asia in 2007 in the South Pacific region. In May 2015, this virus is widespread in Brazil. The spread of this virus continues to occur in January 2016 in North America, South America, the Caribbean, Africa, and Samoa (Oceania). In Indonesia alone, Zika virus have been found in Edinburgh in 2015.

Zika Virus Causes
The cause of the disease Zika (Zika disease) or fever Zika (Zika fever) is the Zika virus. Zika virus included in the line flavivirus virus that still comes from the same family as the virus that causes the disease dengue / dengue.

Zika virus is spread to humans by infected Aedes mosquitoes. Mosquitoes become infected after biting patients who already have the virus. These mosquitoes are very active during the day and live and breed in the indoor or outdoor are close to humans, especially in the area that there is a puddle of water.

Although rare, Zika virus can be transmitted from a mother to her baby. Zika virus is likely transmitted from a pregnant mother to the fetus in the womb. Can also persalinan.Hingga infants were infected at this time, cases of Zika virus transmission through breastfeeding have not been found so medical experts still encourage infected mothers to breastfeed their babies.

In addition, there are some reports that Zika virus transmission occurs through blood transfusions and sexual contact.

Zika Virus Symptoms
In addition to general symptoms that have been mentioned, other symptoms Zika virus found are headache, pain behind the eyes, and tired. These symptoms are generally mild and lasted until about one week.

Regarding the Zika virus incubation period is unknown, but possibly lasting up to 2-7 days since patients exposed to this virus (bitten by mosquito vectors). Of the five people infected with the virus Zika, a person becomes ill from the virus. Although rare, severe cases can occur that require further treatment in the hospital, or even death.

Zika virus transmission that occurred in the womb was associated with the occurrence of microcephaly and brain damage in the fetus. Microcephaly is a condition in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal size.

Virus Diagnosis Zika
Viewed from symptoms that mimic many other diseases, the examination of these trips ever undertaken by the patient, particularly to areas which have cases of Zika virus infection can help narrow the differential diagnosis. The doctor may ask area, time, and activity during a visit to the area.

The doctor may do blood tests to detect viral nucleic acid, isolating the virus, or serologic testing. In addition through blood sampling is usually done in 1-3 days after symptoms appear, urine and saliva may also be a test material in the third to fifth day.

Zika Virus Treatment
Zika virus treatment focuses on reducing symptoms felt by the patient as vaccines and medications aimed at this disease has not been found. Treatment of the symptoms experienced may include infusion of fluids to prevent dehydration, pain medication to relieve fever and headache, as well as adequate rest. Use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not recommended before the possibility of dengue affected patients can be eliminated.

For patients who have been infected with the virus Zika expected to avoid mosquito bites during this virus because Zika virus that can survive long in the patient's blood can be spread to others through mosquito bites.

Zika Virus Prevention
Preventing mosquito bites is one of the preventive measures early can help you avoid infection Zika virus. Some preventive measures that can be done when you are in an area affected Zika virus, among others:

Make sure the place you live has air conditioning or at least have curtains doors and windows to prevent mosquitoes from entering the room.
Use of mosquito nets in the bed if the area you're visiting does not have the above.
Use long-sleeved shirts and pants
Use insect repellent material which is listed on the environmental protection agency or environmental protection agency (EPA), in accordance with the instructions on the packaging. Instructions attached will provide information on the application, the application area is allowed, the time and duration of application.
Infants under the age of two months are not allowed to use insect repellent material so you must ensure that the baby clothes can protect from mosquito bites.
Also, use of mosquito nets in a crib, stroller, and a sling or other baby carrier tools.
Pay attention to body area children older adults when applying insect repellent material. Avoid areas of the body that is injured or experiencing irritation, eye area, mouth and hands.
Choose care, washing, or use clothing and equipment that use materials containing permethrin. Learn about product information and instructions regarding the use of protection provided. Avoid using these products on the skin.
Learn well as information about the area you will visit, such as health facilities and the outdoor area is open before the departure time arrives, especially areas Zika virus.
Perform your tests on his return Zika virus, especially pregnant women, from the spread of the virus Zika.

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a health problem in which an infected obsessed to have a thin body and very afraid of them look fat. I was so scared, their bodies are always deemed to be lacking even thin or obese despite the fact that they do not like it.



Age sixteen to seventeen years of age who are considered prone to this disorder to begin to appear, and the majority of anorexia sufferers from among teenage girls and adult women.

To make their bodies remain as thin as possible, people with anorexia will strive to limit the minimum size of the meal and exercise excessively. Some of them even will attempt brings back food that has been consumed.
Symptoms of anorexia nervosa and other related psychological problems

Those who suffer from anorexia can be identified by the following symptoms:
Weight loss was significantly and looks very thin.
Always pay attention to the shape of the body in front of a mirror.
Considering the body most of the time.
Often brings back food that has been eaten.
Likes to lie if asked whether they have eaten.
Is taking into account the amount of calories, fat, and sugar in foods.
Often exercising excessively.
Experiencing health problems as a result of anorexia itself, such as fatigue, dehydration, low blood pressure, dizziness, hair loss and dry skin.
Like to drink laxative drugs and appetite suppressants.
Causes of anorexia nervosa

The exact cause of anorexia nervosa is still unclear. Most specialists believe that the disorder is derived from a combination of a number of factors, such as psychological factors, environmental, and genetic or biological.
The diagnosis of anorexia nervosa

In diagnosing anorexia nervosa, usually a doctor will ask about weight and diet patients to determine whether she had an eating disorder. It is important for the patient to answer these questions honestly. Doctors do not intend to judge the patient, but only want to determine their condition appropriately.
Support people with anorexia to want to get help

If you have family or friends who suffer from anorexia, do subtle approach and persuade them to want to get medical help. Persuade people with anorexia to want to seek treatment is not easy. Usually they will assume that what they have done the right thing and will refuse to admit that they really are in trouble.

That's why patience and continuous support plays a very important for the healing anorexics. Never criticize or make them feel depressed because it will only worsen the situation. Convey that persuasion and your support is solely because they are worried about health.
Overview of the treatment of anorexia

Most cases of anorexia treated on an outpatient basis and a handful of other cases, such as severe cases of anorexia sufferers, handled with care hospital. In addition to resuscitate people with that lifestyle they lead is wrong, this treatment aims to enable them to obtain the ideal body weight back safely.

Things that includes anorexia treatment includes psychotherapy and suggestions related to food and nutrition. So that appropriate treatment can be done, the physician should adjust to the state of physical, psychological, and social situation of the people with anorexia. Treatment of anorexia can not be done instantly. To recover fully, it could take several years.
Complications that may occur

Anorexia can cause other health problems are quite serious if not treated successfully in the long term. Some complications of anorexia nervosa are:
Irregular heartbeat
Heart failure
Menstruation is not smooth
Anemia
Kidney failure
Sterility
Osteoporosis
Constipation
Deaths due to malnutrition or suicide

Ebola

Ebola became the center of world attention because of the epidemic that recently occurred. Outbreaks of this time was recorded as the highest in history by WHO. Until now, there has been no Ebola cases found in Indonesia. But vigilance must still be increased in order to avoid this deadly disease.



The disease is caused by a virus and can be fatal if not treated immediately. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 in Sudan and Congo. Experts suspect that the Ebola virus has been living in the body of fruit bats or Flying-Fox. The virus then spread to other animals and the possibility of human infection through blood when they clean the blood of game animals that have been contaminated.

The spread of Ebola Virus
Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a virus and is spread through direct contact with blood or body fluids such as urine, feces, saliva and semen. In this case, 'direct contact' means the blood or other body fluids such as saliva or nasal secretions of patients were directly touching the nose, eyes, mouth, or an open wound someone.

Groups of people at high risk of contracting the virus is generally a family who live with the patient or their care providers such as medical officer. If anyone in your family who is suspected of having Ebola, you should not take care of themselves at home and immediately took him to hospital. During the treatment, Ebola patients will undergo close monitoring and routine laboratory tests because they can transmit the disease during blood and body fluids still contain viruses.

Contaminated the surrounding environment is also a risk of spreading the Ebola virus disease. For example, clothing, sheets, and syringes former patients. Therefore, medical personnel caring for Ebola patients need to increase awareness and maximize protection used.

Ebola virus can survive outside the body, including the skin of the patient. Therefore, tradition requires burial family or close friends for bathing the corpse also potentially transmit Ebola virus. Family and medical personnel are advised to handle the bodies of Ebola patients with maximum protection. Funeral process is best left to those trained in handling this type of case.

Unlike in the case of the flu or chicken pox when saliva is in the air can transmit the virus to another person, body fluids of Ebola patients need direct contact to spread. Droplets of saliva or mucus Ebola patients who unintentionally sneezing or coughing only can transmit the virus if exposed to the nose, eyes, mouth, and open wounds someone. Therefore, Ebola transmission through coughing or sneezing are not common.

Although rare, Ebola infections can also occur in public places other than in a hospital such as airports, restaurants, schools, and offices.

Symptoms of Ebola
The incubation period, ie the time between the entry of the virus into the body until the first symptoms appear, the disease Ebola is approximately 2-21 days. But people with Ebola do not transmit the virus before showing symptoms. Ebola virus transmission will only start to occur at the time the symptoms appear. Early symptoms that indicate this disease include:

Fever attacks come suddenly.
Headache.
Feeling very weak.
Pain in the muscles and joints.
Sore throat.
Once the symptoms above, will appear advanced symptoms that include:

Vomiting.
Rashes.
Impaired liver function and kidney.
Bleeding in the body which sometimes also go out through the mouth, nose, eyes, or ears.
Ebola virus can spread rapidly and very deadly, so avoid contact direct contact with patients. If you suspect you or your family members infected with Ebola virus, see your doctor for a checkup.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Ebola
Including Ebola disease difficult to detect because the initial symptoms are similar to other diseases, such as meningitis and malaria. Diagnosis of infection from the virus can only be confirmed through laboratory tests.

To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor may recommend a special examination of the Ebola virus through blood and body fluids. In addition to virus tests, the results of blood tests are also usually indicate the number of white blood cells and platelets are low, as well as increased levels of liver enzymes.

After positively diagnosed with Ebola, patients will undergo intensive treatment in the hospital. Medical care quickly and accurately is a major key in increasing the possibility of patient safety.

Not found drugs to combat Ebola virus. But continued research to find effective vaccines and drugs to deal with this disease.

The treatment is carried out only purpose is to support the patient's immune response against the virus. Patients generally will receive intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration. During the body fight Ebola disease, blood pressure, oxygen levels in the blood, as well as the function of the patient's organs to be preserved as much as possible.

Step Preventing the spread of Ebola Virus
The initial transmission of the Ebola virus is through contact with infected animals that spread occurs directly with patients. There are several steps you can take to prevent and limit the spread of the virus.

Finding out about the Ebola virus as much as possible.
If there are family members or people around you who may be infected with Ebola, immediately take them to undergo examination and treatment in hospital.
When to visit patients in hospital or being around people, use protection as safe as possible. For example, by wearing a mask, gloves, and protective clothing and eyewear.
Always wash your hands, especially after direct contact with the patient's skin. Included also with blood, body fluids, and objects around the patient.
The bodies of Ebola patients should be treated with the utmost protection and by those who are trained in handling this type of case.
Avoid traveling to areas with high Ebola cases such as West Africa.
If you are in the area at risk of transmitting Ebola, avoid contact with animals that have the potential to pass it. Eg fruit bats or Flying-Fox and monkeys.
Cooking meat until completely cooked before consumption.
Especially for medical personnel, there are some preventative measures that should be taken to minimize the risk of contracting Ebola. Among others:

Be careful when handling blood, body fluids, catheters, as well as when installing infusion patients.
Use a maximum protection, for example by wearing a mask, gloves, and protective clothing and goggles.
Always wash your hands, especially after direct contact with the patient's skin. Including blood, body fluids, and objects around the patient.
Sterilize medical equipment before reuse.
Dispose of disposable medical equipment, such as syringes, carefully.
Isolate patients suspected of having Ebola or Ebola in a special room and limit the number of visitors to a minimum.

Autism

Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects social interaction, communication, and behavior. ASD covers Asperger's syndrome and autism in childhood.



Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, there were an estimated 2.4 million people with autism in Indonesia in 2010. Indonesia's population of the time it reached 237.5 million, meaning there is about one person with autism in every 100 babies born.

Although autism can not be cured, there are different types of handling and treatment steps that can help people with autism. Therefore, it is important for us to be aware of the symptoms as early as possible.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Autism
Symptoms of autism usually only apparent after a significant change in one's life and generally begins to develop in childhood. Symptoms tend to vary among persons, but can be grouped into two main categories.

The first category is impaired social interaction and communication. These symptoms include disorders of understanding and sensitivity to the feelings of others and slow language acquisition.

The second category is the mindset, interests, and behaviors are limited and repeat. Examples of repetitive movements, such as tapping or squeezing a hand, and feel upset when routines are disrupted.

People with autism also tend to have problems in learning and other psychiatric conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, or depression.

Symptoms of autism usually known at the beginning of the age of the child's development before reaching three years. Contact your doctor if you are aware of the symptoms of autism or developmental disorders in yourself and your child.

Autism Causes And Myth
There are several genetic and environmental factors are thought to cause this disorder, but the exact cause of autism is not known until today. In certain cases, autism may also be caused by certain diseases.

The vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) never suspected as a cause of autism is that many parents are reluctant to give it to their children. But after doing extensive studies involving millions of children, the researchers did not find evidence linking MMR vaccine and autism.

Persons with Autism Adult and Issues
There are some people who grow up without a diagnosis, even if symptoms have appeared since they were children. The process of diagnosis as adults can help people with autism and their families to understand this disorder and decide what kind of help they need.

Most adults with autism have difficulty finding a job because of the demands and social change in the work. Autism specific service center can help them to find jobs that match their skills.

In Indonesia, especially Jakarta, there is the International Center for Special Care in Education (ICSCE). ICSCE is a nonprofit organization that exposes and provides an overview of the training and provision of field workers for people with autism.

ANOREKSIA NERVOSA

Anorexia nervosa is a health problem in which an infected obsessed to have a thin body and very afraid of them look fat. I was so scared, their bodies are always deemed to be lacking even thin or obese despite the fact that they do not like it.



Age sixteen to seventeen years of age who are considered prone to this disorder to begin to appear, and the majority of anorexia sufferers from among teenage girls and adult women.

To make their bodies remain as thin as possible, people with anorexia will strive to limit the minimum size of the meal and exercise excessively. Some of them even will attempt brings back food that has been consumed.

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa and other related psychological problems
Those who suffer from anorexia can be identified by the following symptoms:

Weight loss was significantly and looks very thin.
Always pay attention to the shape of the body in front of a mirror.
Considering the body most of the time.
Often brings back food that has been eaten.
Likes to lie if asked whether they have eaten.
Is taking into account the amount of calories, fat, and sugar in foods.
Often exercising excessively.
Experiencing health problems as a result of anorexia itself, such as fatigue, dehydration, low blood pressure, dizziness, hair loss and dry skin.
Like to drink laxative drugs and appetite suppressants.
Causes of anorexia nervosa
The exact cause of anorexia nervosa is still unclear. Most specialists believe that the disorder is derived from a combination of a number of factors, such as psychological factors, environmental, and genetic or biological.

The diagnosis of anorexia nervosa
In diagnosing anorexia nervosa, usually a doctor will ask about weight and diet patients to determine whether she had an eating disorder. It is important for the patient to answer these questions honestly. Doctors do not intend to judge the patient, but only want to determine their condition appropriately.

Support people with anorexia to want to get help
If you have family or friends who suffer from anorexia, do subtle approach and persuade them to want to get medical help. Persuade people with anorexia to want to seek treatment is not easy. Usually they will assume that what they have done the right thing and will refuse to admit that they really are in trouble.

That's why patience and continuous support plays a very important for the healing anorexics. Never criticize or make them feel depressed because it will only worsen the situation. Convey that persuasion and your support is solely because they are worried about health.

Overview of the treatment of anorexia
Most cases of anorexia treated on an outpatient basis and a handful of other cases, such as severe cases of anorexia sufferers, handled with care hospital. In addition to resuscitate people with that lifestyle they lead is wrong, this treatment aims to enable them to obtain the ideal body weight back safely.

Things that includes anorexia treatment includes psychotherapy and suggestions related to food and nutrition. So that appropriate treatment can be done, the physician should adjust to the state of physical, psychological, and social situation of the people with anorexia. Treatment of anorexia can not be done instantly. To recover fully, it could take several years.

Complications that may occur
Anorexia can cause other health problems are quite serious if not treated successfully in the long term. Some complications of anorexia nervosa are:

Irregular heartbeat
Heart failure
Menstruation is not smooth
Anemia
Kidney failure
Sterility
Osteoporosis
Constipation
Deaths due to malnutrition or suicide

Understanding Iron Deficiency Anemia

Anemia occurs when the body is experiencing a shortage of healthy red blood cells and to function properly. In this page, anemia due to iron deficiency will be discussed more deeply.

Iron is necessary for the body to produce the component of red blood cells, known as hemoglobin. Red blood cells needed by the body to store and transport oxygen from the lungs to all organs. In addition, the red blood cells also play a role in the disposal of carbon dioxide from body cells in the lungs. If the human body is a shortage of red blood cells, oxygen deployment will be disrupted.


Iron deficiency anemia is a common nutritional deficiency condition occurs in people of all ages, including children. Most cases of anemia occurred in countries that are still developing, including Indonesia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia.

Anemia In Indonesia

Indonesia is a country with relatively high levels of anemia cases. Iron deficiency to be one of the biggest nutritional problem in Indonesia. Children, pregnant women and women who are in the fertile period has the highest risk of suffering from anemia. Here are some of the causes of anemia in Indonesia:
Malnutrition or malnutrition are the number one cause of anemia in Indonesia. Iron intake Indonesian people still lacking, particularly those derived from animal nutrition. Rice became the staple food is everyday people of Indonesia, while vegetables and meat is also necessary because it has a high iron content. The diversity of the diet has an important role in iron intake is sufficient.
Tea and coffee drinking habits among Indonesia also has a strong influence in the high rate of anemia in Indonesia. Tea and coffee contains substances that can inhibit the absorption of iron by the human body.
Indonesia is also included in the group of countries with high thalassemia patients. Thalassemia is a genetic or hereditary disease that results in the sufferer experiencing a shortage of hemoglobin and red blood cells. This often leads to anemia conditions.
In Indonesia, many people who consume drugs antacids or heartburn due to problems with stomach acid. Antacids are taken before meals will reduce the production of stomach acid, but this would reduce the absorption of iron.

Women who experience excessive menstrual tend to suffer from anemia. The amount of blood that is wasted is the primary cause of anemia in women in fertile period.

Anemia is also common in women hamil.Pada pregnancy, women increased need for iron because the fetus in the womb also absorb iron and vitamins in order to grow normally.
Resultant Symptoms Iron Deficiency Anemia

The level of symptoms of anemia depends on how quickly the body's iron stores declined. There are people who have almost all the symptoms while there are some who just feel tired. Here are the symptoms of anemia are common:
Easier or more tired
Less energy
Pallor
Hard to breathe
Dizziness and headaches
Feet and hands cold
Tingling sensations in the legs
Tongue swollen or painful
Decreased immune system so susceptible to infection
Pain in the chest
Heart was beating fast

Other signs that may arise as a result of anemia is becoming brittle nails, hair loss and decreased appetite.

If you feel the above symptoms, see a doctor to confirm the diagnosis of anemia step.
Treatment and Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia

Enhancer of iron supplements made to increase iron levels in the body as one of the treatment of anemia. Iron intake through food consumption also needs to be improved in order to maintain reserves and normal iron levels. There are some food sources of iron are very good, for example:
Chicken liver and beef liver
Legumes, such as black beans, green beans, and red beans
Tofu and tempeh
Seafood or seafood such as fish, oysters and clams
Dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach and broccoli
Lean red meat such as beef and mutton
Dried fruits, such as raisins and apricots

In order to maximize the absorption of iron, vitamin C is also required. Consumption of iron-rich foods along with sources of vitamin C such as oranges, kiwi and tomato.

Basically, the cause of anemia varies. In order not to develop into a chronic condition, the underlying cause needs to be identified and addressed. If left untreated, anemia is generally easy to handle, it can have lasting impact on the sufferer's body.
Complications of Iron Deficiency Anemia

If iron deficiency anemia is not handled properly, could eventually menyebabkankomplikasi other diseases. Iron deficiency adversely affect the human immune system. This is what makes you more susceptible to other diseases.

Iron deficiency anemia can also lead to heart failure, which is when the heart's performance declined and can not pump blood throughout the body well.

For pregnant women, anemia increases the risk of complications in the mother and fetus. Complications that can occur for example, is a miscarriage, slow fetal growth or abnormal and premature birth.

ADHD

ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder more commonly known as hyperactivity. ADHD is a long-term disorder that strikes millions of children with symptoms that can last until adulthood. Anyone have the possibility to suffer from ADHD, but the condition is generally experienced by people with learning disorders.

Some of the symptoms experienced by patients in the behavior of ADHD include difficulty concentrating and the emergence of hyperactive and impulsive behavior. ADHD symptoms commonly seen at an early age and tend to be more pronounced when there is a change in the situation around the child, for example, began studying at the school. Most cases of ADHD detected at the age of 6-12 years. Children with ADHD tend to be low self-esteem, difficulty making friends, and having inadequate achievement.

ADHD tend to be more common and easily detected in males than females. For example, boys generally have a more hyperactive behavior while girls tend to be more silent, but it was hard to concentrate.

Risk Factors in ADHD
The cause of ADHD is not known with certainty. But some studies show that there are several factors that can affect a person's risk level. Risk factors include heredity, the influence of abnormalities in the central nervous system, as well as the effects of premature birth.

ADHD diagnosis process
Not all children have difficulty concentrating and hyperactivity certainly have ADHD. Healthy children are generally very active and often makes parents overwhelmed.

Therefore, the diagnosis of ADHD requires the cooperation of various parties. A number of physical and psychological examination of pediatricians and psychiatrists will be undertaken by people with ADHD.

Step Treatment for ADHD
The symptoms of ADHD often be reduced with age, but there are also people with ADHD who still experience it to adulthood. However, there are several methods that can be learned so that these symptoms can be controlled. Some measures taken include medication, behavioral therapy, and social interaction therapy.

Pyelonephritis

PART I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common and attack humans regardless of age, especially women. UTIs are responsible for approximately seven million patient visits to physicians each year in the United States (Stamm, 1998). Micro biology UTI stated there if there is a significant bacteriuria (105 ml of pathogenic microorganisms found in the middle of the jet of urine collected in the right way).

Abnormalities can only colonizes bacteria from urine (bacteriuria asymptomatic) or bacteriuria may be accompanied simtomatikndari infections of the urinary tract structures / UTI generally divided into two major sub-categories: UTI bottom (urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis) and upper UTI (acute pyelonephritis) , Acute cystitis (bladder infection) and acute pyelonephritis (infection and interstitial renal pelvis) is an infection that is most instrumental in causing morbidity but rarely ended as progressive renal failure.
Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidneys trophies, tubules and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. Bacteria reach the bladder through the urethra and ascend to the kidney. Although the kidneys receive 20% to 25% of cardiac output, the bacteria rarely reaches the kidneys via the bloodstream; cases of hematogenous spread of less than 3%.
Pyelonephritis often as a result of reflux ureterivesikal, wherein the valve incompetent uretevesikal meynyebabkan urine to flow back (reflux) into the ureter. Obstruction of the urinary tract (kidneys which increases susceptibility to infection), bladder tumors, strictures, benign prostatic hyperplasia and urinary stone is the cause of another. Can be acute and chronic pyelonephritis.
Writing Purpose
1. Medical Students can explain the definition of pyelonephritis, pyelonephritis etiology, epidemiology pyelonephritis, pyelonephritis clinical symptoms, pathophysiology pyelonephritis, pyelonephritis physical examination, investigation pyelonephritis, management pyelonephritis, pyelonephritis diagnosis, differential diagnosis of pyelonephritis, pyelonephritis complications, prognosis pyelonephritis
2. Improving the ability in scientific writing / paper in the medical field.
3. Meet one of the graduation requirements Registrar of Clinics
4. Method review of literature with reference to some literature.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma caused due to infection by bacteria. Bacterial infection of the kidney tissue at the start of the lower urinary tract continue up to the kidneys. This infection can be about parenchym and renal pelvis (kidney pyelum = cup).

2.2 Causes of pyelonephritis

Bacteria E. Coli.
Resistant to antibiotics.
Ureteral obstruction which results in hydronephrosis.
Active infection.
Decreased kidney function.
Urethral reflux.
The bacteria spread to the kidneys, blood, the lymphatic system.

2.3 Pathophysiology pyelonephritis

Entry into the renal pelvis and inflammation. This causes inflammation Swelling of the area, starting from the papillae and spread to regions of the cortex. Infection occurs after the cytitis, prostatitis (asccending) or due to infection steptococcus derived from blood (descending).
Pyelonephritis is divided into two kinds:
Acute pyelonephritis.
Chronic pyelonephritis.
Acute pyelonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis usually brief and often recurring infections due but not perfect or new infections. 20% of recurrent infections occurred after two weeks after completion of therapy. Bacterial infections of the lower urinary tract in the direction of the kidney, this will affect renal function. Urinary tract infection or associated with selimut.abses can be encountered in the kidney capsule and at the junction kortikomedularis. In the end, atrophy and tubular and glomerular damage occurs.
Chronic pyelonephritis Chronic also derived from the bacteria, but may also be due to other factors such as urinary tract obstruction and urinary reflux. Chronic pyelonephritis can permanently damage the kidney tissue inflammation due to repeated and the emergence of scar and can cause faiure renal (kidney failure) which chronicles. Kidneys also form scar tissue progressively, contract and not functioning. The process of the development of chronic kidney failure from kidney infection and over the last several years, or after a serious infection. The division of acute pyelonephritis often found in pregnant women, usually beginning with hydro Pyelonefrosis ureter and ureteral obstruction due to enlarged uterus.

2.4 Clinical Signs and Symptoms of pyelonephritis

Acute pyelonephritis is characterized by swelling of the kidney or renal passenger widening.
In the assessment on get high fever, chills, nausea, pain in the waist, headache, muscle pain and physical weakness.
On percussion in areas characterized by CVA tenderness.
Client usually accompanied dysuria, frequency, urgency within a few days.
On examination of urine obtained cloudy urine or hematuria with a pungent odor, but it is also an increase in white blood cells.
Chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis caused by repeated infection. So both kidneys slowly becoming damaged. Acute pyelonephritis attacks repeatedly usually do not have symptoms sfesifik. Their fatigue. Headache, low appetite and weight loss. The existence of polyuria, excessive thirst, azotemia, anemia, acidosis, proteinuria, pyuria, and urine concentrations decreased. The patient's health declining, eventually patients experience kidney failure. Kalik abnormalities and the presence of injury in the area of ​​the cortex. Kidney nephron ability to shrink and decline due to tissue injury. Suddenly when it was discovered the existence of hypertension.

2.5 Examination Support pyelonephritis

Diagnostic evaluation. An intravenous urogram and ultrasound can be performed to determine the location of the obstruction in the urinary tract, eliminating the obstruction is important for saving kidney from destruction. Cult urine and sensitivity tests performed to determine the causative organism so that appropriate antimicrobial agent can diresepkana.
Diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis
In the past almost always used when an abnormality is found Tubulo this, the notion of the degree of heavy Vur can cause scarring of the kidneys, atrophy, and dilatation Calix (refluks0 nephropathy, which is commonly diagnosed as chronic pyelonephritis, now it has been very well received. The mechanism causing network grated believed to be a combination of effects: (1) Vur, (2) intrarenal reflux, and (3) infection (Kunin, 1997; tolkoff-Rubin, 2000; Rose, Rennke, 1994). The severity Vur is the only deciding factor most important of kidney damage. Much evidence menyongkong the notion that renal involvement at reflux nephropathy occurs in early childhood before the age of 5 to 6 years, since the establishment of the new scar tissue uncommon after this age. The explanation of these observations is that the intrarenal reflux stalled when children become bigger (most likely due to the development of kidney), however Vur continues.
In adults. Vur and reflux nephropathy may be associated with obstructive disorders and neoruligik that cause blockage of the drainage of urine (such as kidney stones or urinary bladder due to neurologic diabetes or brain stem injury). However, most adults who have scarring of the kidney due to chronic pyelonephritis got these lesions early in kana-kanaknya. Bkti-reflux mechanism supporting evidence of this infection came from experiments on animals and observations in humans with the following results: 85% to 100% of children and 50% of adults with renal scarring suffer Vur (Tolkoff-Rubin, 2000).
Reflux nephropathy revelation mechanism that began in early childhood can njelskan bagmenjelaskan scarring and kidney damage in many patients, it is still difficult to explain how a trip progressive kidney damage due to a number of the adults with pyelonifritis final stage can not reflux and UTI , Some patients even can not remember at all had experienced recurrent UTIs. The most popular theory to explain progisif renal failure that occurs in patients with reflux are already corrected with sterile urine is intrarenal hemodynamic theory or hypothesis hiperfitrasi (Rose, Rennke, 1994). According to this theory, the initial infection causes damage to the nephron resulting in an increase in capillary pressure compensation glomelurus (PGC) and hiperperfusi the residual nephrons are still relatively normal. This seems hypertension intraglomerulus cause injury to the glomerular sclerosis and ultimately lead. Diperantaikeadaan concept hemodynamic glomerular injury is supported by a growing body of experimental evidence shows that the control of systemic hypertension mainly by administering inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as enalapril maleate koptopril or slow the decline in GFR in many patients with kidney failure. These drugs decrease the PGC with the work against angiotensin II and dilatation of efferent arterioles. Decrease in PGC also occur if the protein foods is limited only 20 to 30g / day, supplemented with amino acids and analog ketonya.

2.6 Management of pyelonephritis

Pyelonifritis acute patients at risk of bacteremia and require intensive therapy antimikrobisl arrives. Parental therapy given se; long 24 till 28 hours until the patient afrebil. At that time, oral agents dspst given. Patients with the condition are a little critical success if dealt only with oral agents. For mrncega perkemban biakannyabakteri remaining, then the treatment of acute pyelonephritis lebi usually longer than in the synthesis.
Problems that may arise in the handling of chronic or recurrent infections which appear up to several months or years without symptoms. After the initial antimicrobial program, patients maintained to continue diwah antimicrobial treatment until evidence of any evidence of infection does not happen, all the causes have been addressed and controlled, and stable renal function. Keratininserum levels and blood count monitored patients on therapy long-term duration.

Management agents antimokrobial selection is based on the identification of the pathogen through urine culture. If bacteria can not disappear from the urine, or a combination nitrofurantion sulfametoxazole and trimetrhopim can be used to suppress the growth of bacteria. Strict renal function, particularly if a potential medication for kidney toxin.

Breast cancer

is a malignant neoplasm with an abnormal growth of breast tissue that does not look at the surrounding tissue, grow ilfiltratif and destructive and metastatic (Reksoprodjo, 1995).
Symptoms of Breast Cancer Clinic
Clinical symptoms are commonly found in patients with breast cancer are as follows


Palpable mass or lump in the breast


Breasts are not symmetrical


There are skin changes: thickening, basin, pale skin around the nipple, skin wrinkled like kaffir lime and the presence of ulcers of the breast


There are changes in skin temperature: warm, redness, heat


There is a discharge from the nipple


There are changes on the nipple: itching, no burning sensation, and erosion occurs retraction


There's pain


The spread to the bones so that the bones become brittle and increases blood calcium levels


There is swelling of the arm area


Etiology and Predisposing Factors


The exact cause of breast cancer is unknown. Breast cancer only occurs in women after menarche, it is suspected that changes in hormonal cycles that may be a contributing factor to the growth of abnormal cells in the breast. Genetic factors also play a role in causing breast cancer, but the genetic effect is not very strong.
If the mother has breast cancer, the chances of female children also suffer from breast cancer is 2 to 3 times greater than the population in general condition, but there is no evidence of a specific pattern inheritan (unloaded). Some hypothesis states that there are genotype predisposes to the formation of cancer cells, but there must be some interaction with non-genetic factors prior to the onset of cancer.
Patients positive family history of cancer, have a tendency to develop cancer at a younger age and the frequency of occurrence is higher compared with patients with no history of cancer in his family.
In general, breast cancer occurs in multi-factor. In addition to the contribution of genetic factors, gender, age, other comorbidities, also can be caused by diet pattern.
Mastectomy


Based on the purpose of surgical therapy, mastectomy can be divided into two kinds of goals curative and palliative purposes.
The principle of curative therapy is surgical removal of the cancer cells without leaving any microscopic cancer cells. This curative surgical therapy performed on early-stage breast cancer (stage 0, I and II).
While the goal is palliative surgical therapy for breast cancer mengangat macroscopically and still leave microscopic cancer cells. Palliative surgical treatment is generally undertaken to reduce patient complaints such as bleeding, broken bones and ulcer treatment, performed at an advanced stage of breast cancer, namely stage III and IV.
Cancer cell removal procedure can be done in the following way:


Radical mastectomy, the entire breast Lifting, skin, major and minor muscles, axillary lymph nodes and surrounding fatty tissue.


Modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy but as pectoralis major muscle is maintained.


Simple mastectomy, breast Raised by maintaining the muscles that support.


Partial mastectomy, Raised lesion and surrounding tissues including the lymph nodes.


Lumpectomy, Raised lesions and 3 to 5 cm ditepinya tissue, breast tissue and skin is maintained.

Functions of Vitamin E For Healthy Body

1 . Increase endurance

help cope with stress , improve fertility , minimizing the risk of cancer and coronary heart disease

2 . Whiten Skin

Role is very important for healthy skin , by maintaining , improving skin elasticity and moisture , prevents premature aging , protects skin from ultraviolet radiation damage , and accelerate the wound healing proces

3 . As Antioxidants

All vitamin E is an antioxidant and is involved in many body processes and operate as a natural antioxidant that helps protect cell structures that are important especially cell membranes from damage due to free radicals . In carrying out its function as an antioxidant in the body , vitamin E works by searching , reacting and damaging free radical chain reactions . In these reactions , vitamin E itself converted into a radical . However, this radical will quickly regenerate into active vitamin through a biochemical process involving other compounds

4 . Protective Red Blood Cells

Protect red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body tissues from damage In addition to protecting from the effects of excess vitamin A and vitamin A protect from damage , this vitamin can also protect animals from the effects of various drugs , chemicals , and metals which support the formation of free radicals .

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

This cancer attacks the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells and is characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever and weight decreased.

There are several types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and categorized based on the speed of growth and the type of lymphocytes are affected. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is more deadly than Hodgkin's lymphoma and is estimated to have killed more than 20,000 people in 2010.

leukemia

There are many types of leukemia, or cancer of the blood and all body tissues are attacked as blood-forming bone marrow and lymphatic system. Blood cancer resulting in the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

Types of leukemia are classified by how fast spreading and any cells that are affected. Types of acute myelogenous leukemia is the most malignant and killed 41 714 people in 2003 to 2007. Nearly 22,000 people are expected to die from leukemia in 2010.