Although it is limited to the evaluation of head trauma , skull X-rays are valuable for examination abnormalities in the skull base and cranial bones cupola . It also allows the doctor to study the problems of the bones of the skull caused by other diseases .
X-rays of the skull bones evaluate three groups that cover the head : calvaria ( called cupola skull ) , mandible ( jaw bone known as ) , and facial bones . Cupola and facial bones connected by joints that can not move and has a serrated edge called sutures . Overall the bones of the skull is a complex structure that requires a complete overhaul goes a few times a X-ray irradiation in each area . .
Why is this test done ?
X-rays of the skull is done because some of the following reasons :
1 . To help detect fractures after trauma to the head .
2 . To help diagnose a tumor on the pituitary gland , a small organ that is attached to the oval -shaped brain .
3 . To detect skull problems arising from birth or due to causes other diseases .
What should you know before the test ?
1 . The X-ray technician will perform this test , usually in the radiology section . The test will last about 15 minutes and do not cause pain .
2 . You do not need to fast or restrict fluids before the test . But you have to take off your glasses or jewelry existing in the irradiation field . If you memkai dentures , you have to take it off .
What happens during the test ?
1 . You will be laid on the table irradiation or sit in a chair and asked not to move . May be used foam pads , bags asir or ribbon head to hold your head and make you feel comfortable .
2 . Technicians usually perform five different lighting on your head . X-ray film is printed and checked for quality before you leave.
What is a normal result ?
Physician radiologist interpreting the results of X-rays . It is a specialist who evaluates the size , shape , thickness and position of the bones in the head , blood vessels , and other structures . Everything must appear normal according to age of the patient.
What is the abnormal results ?
X-rays often can indicate a skull fracture at the base of the skull or Kalvia . However , this can not be demonstrated on the basis of fracture if the bones are in place solid . .
X-rays of the skull can also reveal problems arising from birth . In addition , it also can show areas of the brain too much calcium buildup . Certain brain tumors , such as oligodendroglioma or meningioma , containing calcium .
X-rays of the skull may reveal changes in the structure of the skull caused by other diseases such as Paget 's disease
Vascular Angiography Brain ( Cerebral Angiography )
The test called by the doctors include cerebral angiography X-ray irradiation on brain blood vessels after injection of a special contrast fluid in the arteries in the neck , inner thighs , or other areas . The contrast liquid will appear on the irradiation when it reaches the brain and circulated through the blood vessels .
Cerebral angiography is usually performed if doctors suspect there are abnormalities in the blood vessels of the brain . At the beginning of this disorder is supported by the results of the examination terkomputer scanning tomography ( CAT scan ) of the brain or spinal function .
Why is this cerebral angiography performed
Angiography was performed because of the following reasons :
1 . To detect problems in existing blood vessels within or leading to the brain ( eg , aneurysm , vascular malformation datah , thrombosis , narrowing or blockage )
2 . To study the blood vessels of the brain that is located not normal ( due to tumors , blood clots , swelling , spasms , increased brain pressure , or hydrocephalus )
3 . To determine the mounting clamp blood vessels during surgery and to check the condition of the vessel .
What should you know before ?
1 . The test you will learn , including who will perform cerebral angiography test this , where , and how long the test will run ( usually 2 to 4 hours , depending on the test request ) . You will be positioned on the table irradiation , and mobilized your head , and you can not move .
2 . Tell your doctor or nurse if you are allergic to iodine , materials that contain iodine ( such as clams or shrimp ) , or contrast fluid used in other tests . You are told about the possible side effects of contrast fluid injected into the blood vessel angiography test .
3 . You need to fast for 8 to 10 hours before the test .
4 . You will wear a hospital gown and take off all jewelry , dentures , and hairpins . Be sure to pee before leaving the room .
5 . You will get sleeping pills and other drugs for 30 to 45 minutes before the test . You will also receive a local anesthetic drug . ( Some people , especially children will receive general anesthesia )
6 . You need to sign a letter stating your consent to the blood vessel angiography test . Be sure to read it carefully and ask questions if there are parts you do not understand .
What happens during the test ?
1 . You will be laid on the table irradiation at the time of injection . You need to lie down with your arms at your side .
2 . Injected local anesthetic . Then a needle is inserted into the artery .
3 . Having done X-rays to see the location of the needle , the doctor injects a special liquid contrast . You will feel like burning moment when contrast fluid is injected . After that you will feel warm and rosy , briefly headache , or feel salty in the mouth . You might even be nausea and vomiting .
4 . Upon injekdi , X-ray irradiation , the results are processed , and viewed . Depending on the outcome , may be included again in contrast fluid and X-ray irradiation series .
5 . If you've got the results of X-ray irradiation series are satisfactory , the doctor pull the needle . The nurse will check whether there is a change and put bandages .
What happens after the test ?
1 . Typically , you will rest in bed for 12 to 24 hours and got medication for pain . The nurse will check on you every hour during the first 4 hours and then every 4 hours .
2 . You will inject compressed ice in place to create a sense of comfort and reduce swelling .
3 . If the injection in the thigh , then keep the leg straight for 12 hours or more . If the neck area , the nurse will check your breathing and swallowing ability .
4 . Having test . You can return to a normal diet . Drink fluids to help remove fluid contrast .
Is the risk of vascular angiography test ?
1 . Tests vascular angiography should not be performed if the patient has liver disease , kidney or thyroid .
2 . Also not to be done if the patient is allergic to iodine or contrast fluid .
What is a normal result ?
The test must demonstrate that the normal circulation of the blood vessels of the brain .
What is the abnormal result ?
Changes in the blood vessels of the brain supports abnormalities , such as spasm , plaque , fistulae , malformations arteriovenus , or arteriosclerosis . Decreased blood to the brain may be associated with increased pressure in the brain .
If there is a brain blood vessel that is located not unusual , then this change showed a tumor , local swelling , or blockage of the flow of spinal fluid . If there is a tumor , the test can show blood vessels in the tumor , so doctors can determine the location and origin of these tumors .
myelography
Myelography tests to evaluate the spine called the subarachnoid cavity . Myelography test requires the injection of a special contrast fluid . Due to the heavier weight of the contrast fluid cariran spinal cord , then the contrast fluid will flow in the subarachnoid cavity into areas that are free at the time of patient position face down on the table irradiation dimiraingkan up or down . Test Myelographymemungkinkan doctor to see the flow of contrast fluid and describe the subarachnoid cavity . X-ray irradiation to get a permanent rekamanyang .Why Myelography tests performed
Myelography performed because some of the following reasons :
1 . To locate the tumor and herniation sections that can block the flow of CSF partial or total .
2 . To help detect arachnoiditis , trauma to the spine sarfaf network .
What should you know before the test Myelography ?
1 . You need fast and restrict fluids for 8 hours before the test Myelography . If the tests are scheduled during the day Myelography and hospital policy permits , the tests Myelography before you may drink water .
2 . You will be notified of the test Myelography , including who will perform the test Myelography , which funds Myelography how long the test took place ( usually an hour or more ) . You need hospitalization in the hospital overnight .
3 . Tell your doctor if you are allergic to iodine , shellfish ( such as shrimp or scallops ) , or contrast fluid used in other tests . You will be informed about the possible side effects of contrast fluid is injected in the test Myelography . You will feel a bit of pain because of your position during the test Myelography and when inserting the needle .
4 . Tell your doctor if you have ever had a seizure . Just before the test Myelography , you must remove all perhiasanatau other metal objects that would block the X-rays .
5 . You will receive a miraculous drug , such as enemas , sleeping pills to make you relax , and medications to reduce swelling during the test .
6 . You need to sign a letter stating your approval to conduct tests Myelography . Be sure to read it carefully and ask questions if there are parts you do not understand .
What happens during the test Myelography ?
1 . You will be laid on the table , with her chin resting on his chest and abdomen to the knee menekuksamapai .
2 . Doctor inserts a needle in the lower back , in the area anatara two segments . Would have taken a bit of rear CSF for routine examination .
3 . Nurse will lie face down and put your seat belts on the upper back , under arms , and on your ankle . You need to straighten your chin to prevent the flow of contrast fluid through the area that is not checked .
4 . Doctor injects contrast fluid and tilt the table so that the contrast fluid to flow in the spinal cord area , you will feel terbakarsesaat at the time of injection . After the injection you will feel warm and flushed , headache briefly , or tasted salty in the mouth , you even feel nausea and vomiting .
5 . Tell your nurse or doctor if you experience headache , difficulty swallowing , or shortness of breath . During the test Myelography you can rest periodically .
6 . Doctors observe the flow of contrast fluid and perform X-ray irradiation . Having obtained satisfactory results irradiation , doctors withdraw the needle . Then perawata clean the puncture site with an antiseptic solution and put bandages .
What happens after the test Myelography ?
1 . Usually you will rest in the hospital for 6 to 24 hours and got oabt for pain . The nurse will check on you every half hour for 4 hours and then every 4 hours .
2 . Drink extra fluids . The nurse will ask you urinate at least once within 8 hours after the test Myelography .
3 . Tell the nurse if you feel back pain , headache , a stiff neck tau . If there are no complications , you can return to a normal diet and kemablai da Myelography activities after the test .
Is the risk Myelography test ?
In general , if the Myelography was not performed in patients with increased brain pressure , allergic to iodine or contrast fluids , or needle insertion infkesi in place .
What is a normal result ?
Myelography tests can indicate the location of problems in or around the spinal cord , such as disc herniation and tumor sections . If tests confirm the tumor , the patient was immediately taken to the operating room .
Myelographydapat petrified determine or confirm the location of the rupture segments , narrowing of the spinal , or abscess , and sometimes pemebedahan for confirmation purposes . Myelography tests can also detect syringomyelia ( disorder characterized pengisin fluid in the cavity in the spinal cord tissue and widening sumsusm spine itself) . Arachnoiditis , and trauma to the spinal cord tissue .
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